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PYSEC-2026-2910

MediumCVSS 5.4 / 10
Published Jul 13, 2026·Last modified Jul 13, 2026
Affected Components(0)

No affected components available

Description

Summary

The Flask API endpoint in src/praisonai/api.py renders agent output as HTML without effective sanitization. The _sanitize_html function relies on the nh3 library, which is not listed as a required or optional dependency in pyproject.toml. When nh3 is absent (the default installation), the sanitizer is a no-op that returns HTML unchanged. An attacker who can influence agent input (via RAG data poisoning, web scraping results, or prompt injection) can inject arbitrary JavaScript that executes in the browser of anyone viewing the API output.

Details

In src/praisonai/api.py, lines 6-14 define the sanitizer with a try/except ImportError fallback:

try:
    import nh3
    def _sanitize_html(html: str) -> str:
        return nh3.clean(html)
except ImportError:
    def _sanitize_html(html: str) -> str:
        """Fallback: no nh3, return as-is (install nh3 for XSS protection)."""
        return html

The home() route at lines 21-25 converts agent output to HTML via markdown.markdown() (which preserves raw HTML tags by default) and embeds it in an HTML response using an f-string — bypassing Flask's Jinja2 auto-escaping:

@app.route('/')
def home():
    output = basic()
    html_output = _sanitize_html(markdown.markdown(str(output)))
    return f'<html><body>{html_output}</body></html>'

Since nh3 is not in any dependency list (pyproject.toml core deps, optional deps, or requirements files), a standard installation will always hit the fallback path. The markdown library's default behavior passes through raw HTML tags in input text, so any <script> or event handler attributes in the agent output flow directly into the response.

Additionally, deploy.py:76-91 generates a deployment version of api.py that has no sanitization at all — it directly calls markdown.markdown(output) without any _sanitize_html wrapper.

PoC

  1. Set up a PraisonAI instance with an agent that processes external content (e.g., web scraping or RAG retrieval):
# agents.yaml
framework: crewai
topic: test
roles:
  researcher:
    role: Researcher
    goal: Process user-provided content
    backstory: You process content exactly as given
    tasks:
      process:
        description: "Return this exact text: <img src=x onerror=alert(document.cookie)>"
        expected_output: The text as-is
  1. Verify nh3 is not installed (default):
pip show nh3 2>&1 | grep -c "not found"
# Returns 1 (not installed)
  1. Start the API:
python src/praisonai/api.py
  1. Access the endpoint:
curl http://localhost:5000/
  1. Response contains unsanitized HTML:
<html><body><p><img src=x onerror=alert(document.cookie)></p></body></html>
  1. Opening this in a browser executes the JavaScript payload.

Impact

  • Session hijacking: An attacker can steal cookies or session tokens from users viewing the API output.
  • Credential theft: Injected scripts can present fake login forms or exfiltrate data to attacker-controlled servers.
  • Actions on behalf of users: Malicious JavaScript can perform actions in the context of the victim's browser session.

The attack surface includes any scenario where agent output contains attacker-influenced content: RAG retrieval from poisoned documents, web scraping of malicious pages, processing of adversarial user prompts, or multi-agent communication where one agent's output is tainted.

Recommended Fix

Make nh3 a required dependency when using the API, and remove the silent fallback:

# Option 1: Make nh3 required in pyproject.toml under the "api" optional dependency
# In pyproject.toml:
# api = [
#     "flask>=3.0.0",
#     ...
#     "nh3>=0.2.14",
# ]

# Option 2: Use markdown's built-in HTML stripping as a safe default
import markdown

def _sanitize_html(html: str) -> str:
    try:
        import nh3
        return nh3.clean(html)
    except ImportError:
        import re
        return re.sub(r'<[^>]+>', '', html)  # Strip all HTML tags as fallback

# Option 3 (preferred): Use Flask's Jinja2 templating with auto-escaping
# instead of f-string interpolation, or use markupsafe.escape()
from markupsafe import Markup

@app.route('/')
def home():
    output = basic()
    # Use markdown with safe extensions only
    html_output = markdown.markdown(str(output), extensions=[])
    try:
        import nh3
        html_output = nh3.clean(html_output)
    except ImportError:
        raise RuntimeError("nh3 is required for safe HTML rendering. Install with: pip install nh3")
    return f'<html><body>{html_output}</body></html>'

Also fix deploy.py:76-91 to include sanitization in the generated api.py.

Risk Scores
Base Score
5.4

The vulnerability can be exploited over the network without needing physical access. It is easy for an attacker to exploit this vulnerability. An attacker does not need any special privileges or access rights. The attacker needs the user to perform some action, like clicking a link. The impact is confined to the system where the vulnerability exists. There is a low impact on the confidentiality of the information. There is a low impact on the integrity of the data.

Threat Intelligence
5.0

Exploitation attempts have been detected. Elevated vigilance and prompt remediation are advised.

EPSS
0.22%

The exploit probability is very low. The vulnerability is unlikely to be exploited in the next 30 days.

Exploit
Not available

We did not find any exploit available. Neither in GitHub repositories nor in the Exploit-Database.

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